本帖最后由 雨荷风 于 2015-10-8 01:59 编辑
1. 双行偶韵诗节(Couplet)
英诗中双行押韵的诗行(couplet)是常见不鲜的,诗行长短可以不同,但成对的两行诗的长短通常是一样的,有时也称“对句”(distich),如:
(1) Blow,
Snow!
(2) Had we but world enough and time,
This coyness, lady, were no crime.
(3) As I in hoary winter’s night stood shivering in the snow,
Surprised I was with sudden heat which made my heart to glow.
(4)So long as men can breathe, oe eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives live to thee.
双行押韵的诗行(couplet)作为诗节结构,它是英语诗歌中最短和最简单的诗节,下面这首“不法分子”(“The Outlaw”)是1995年诺贝尔文学奖得主西默斯·希尼(Seamus Heaney)写的,他采用的就是双行押韵诗节:
The Outlaw
Seamus Heaney
Kelly's kept an unlicensed bull, well away
From the road: you risked a fine but had to pay
The normal fee if cows were serviced there.
Once I dragged a nervous Friesian on a tether
Down a lane of alder, shaggy with cartkin,
Down to the shed the bull was kept in.
I gave Old Kelly the clammy silver, though why
I could not guess. He grunted curt‘Go by.
Get up on that gate.’And from my lofty station
I watched the businesslike conception.
The door unbolted, whacked back against the wall.
The illegal sire fumbled from his stall
Unhurried as an old steam engine shunting.
He circled, snored and nosed. No hectic panting,
Just the unfussy ease of a good tradesman;
Then an awkward, unexpected jump, and
His knobbled forelegs stradling her flank,
He slammed life home, impassive as a tank,
Dropping off like a tipped-up load of sand.
‘She'll do,’said Kelly and tapped his asphplant
Across her hindquarters.‘If not, bring her back.’
I walked ahead of her, the rope now slack
While Kelly whooped and podded his outlaw
Who, in his own time, resumed the dark, the straw.
不法分子
克利养了条不法的公牛,远离大路:
你可去冒冒罚款危险但你必须先付
正常手续费,假如母牛有配种要求。
有一次我牵了条胆怯的荷兰种母牛
穿过一排排杨花纷飞的杨树
来到那关着公牛的棚前停住。
我给了老克利一枚油腻银币,为了啥
我猜不透。他只简短地哼了声“去吧。
上那门前去。”站在那高地门外
我观看着那煞有介事般的怀胎。
门打开时,吧嗒一声门儿碰着墙。
那位不法的种牛在栏里不慌不忙
像一台老式蒸汽机车换轨一样,慢慢
调过头来哼着,嗅着。情不动气不喘,
宛如一位老练的商人在从容应酬:
然后他猛然跳起,那窘相叫人难受,
他岔开结疤的前腿跨在她的两侧,
豁出命,无动于衷像一辆坦克车
又像沉重的沙袋斜着往地下倾倒。
“她行了,”克利说着,用梣树条
轻轻抽打他后腿。“要不行,带她再来。”
我牵着她朝前走,绳子现在松了下来。
克利吆喝着,用棍棒捣他的不法之徒,
他又回到黑暗中,开始吃草,一切如故。
(《进入黑暗之门》1969)
如果双行偶韵的诗行格律是五步抑扬格(iambic pentameter),这样的诗行就称之为英雄双韵体诗行(Heroic couplet)。如果双行偶韵诗行在两行诗内表达一个完整的意思,我们就称之为“闭合式的”双韵诗行。这种双韵体最初是英国诗歌之父乔叟在他的“Legend of Good Women”一诗中使用的:
A thóusand tímes háve I hérd men télle
That thér is jóye in héven, and péyne in hélle…
到了17、18世纪,英国诗人用得特别多,其中德莱顿(John Dryden)和蒲柏(Alexander Pope)是最著名的巧匠能手,他们的使用进一步完善了这种形式,而蒲柏使用这种诗行的技巧达到了尽善尽美的地步。
在这种英雄双韵体的诗行形式中,第一行说的意思往往在第二行中得到发展,并且以与第一行押韵。这种偶韵诗行常常能表现出庄重、严肃的节奏,又能创造一种自身肯定(self-affirmation)和意思完整的效果。很多诗人喜欢以英雄双韵体结束诗篇,莎士比亚的十四行诗全是采用这种英雄双韵体诗行作为全诗的内容总结,有些则成为警句:
O cunning Love! With tears thou keep’st me blind,
Lest eyes well-seeing thy foul faults should find!
(From Sonnet 148 by William Shakespeare)
雪莱的《西风颂》每章也采用了这种双行押韵的英雄双体诗行结尾,显得严肃而庄重:
Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;
Destroyal and Preserver; hear, Oh, hear!
由于英雄双韵体诗行的特点,这种诗行形式在论说性诗篇中的运用特别多,诗人常在诗篇中连用这种诗行形式(每两行之间不留空行),用以叙事或说理,如:
(1)
A little learning is a dangerous thing;
Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring.
There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain,
And drinking largely sobers us again.
(From An Essay on Criticism by Alexander Pope)
参考译诗:
学识浅薄是一件危险的事情,
潘利安灵泉要深吸,否则别饮;
浅浅喝几口会使大脑不清,
大量畅饮反会使我们清醒。
(节译自亚历山大·蒲柏:《论批评》)
(2)
Fare well, too little and too lately known,
Whom I began to think and call my own:
For sure our souls were near allied, and thine
Cast in the same poetic mold with mine.
One common note on either lyre did strike,
And knaves and fools we both abhored alike.
To the same goal did both our studies drive,
The last set out the soonest did arrive.
……
(From To the Memory of Mr. Oldham by John Dryden)
参考译诗:
再见吧,对你了解太少太迟,
我把你称作自己,开始沉思:
我们俩的心灵肯定已经结盟,
你我的诗作在一个模里铸成。
同一个声音在两把琴上奏出,
流氓和傻瓜我俩都同样憎恶。
我们都朝着同一个方向努力,
最后出发的却最先到达目的。
…
(节译自约翰·德莱顿《缅怀欧德汉姆》
如果两行诗虽然压韵,但诗行的意思并没有在两行之内结束而跨越到下面的诗行,如下面1——3行的意思都没有结束,一直延伸到了第四行才告小结。这种偶韵诗行称之为“开放式的”(open form)偶韵诗行。如:
That’s my last Dutches painted on the wall,
Looking as if she were alive. I call
That piece a wonder, now:Fra Pandolf’s hands
Worked busily a day, and there she stands.
… — From My Last Duchess by Robert Browning
开放式的双行偶韵诗行运用比较普遍,不过以上这些例子中的双行押韵诗行都不是作为独立诗节而是作为整首诗结构的一部分出现的,超出了这里作为“诗节”讨论的范围。
除了五音步抑扬格的双韵诗行外,四音步抑扬格的双韵诗行(couplets of iambic tetrameter)也比较常见,它在诗篇中既可以作为独立的诗节运用,也可在普通诗行在诗篇中连用。下面例(1)是作为诗节运用的四部抑扬格双韵诗行;例(2)是在诗篇中连用的四步抑扬格双韵诗行:
(1)
Leasure
William Henry Davies
What is this life if, full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare.
No time to stand beneath the boughs
And stare as long as sheep or cows.
No time to see, when woods we pass,
Where squirrels hide their nuts in grass.
No time to see, in broad daylight,
Streams full of stars, like skies at night.
No time to turn at Beautiy' glance
And watch her feet, how they can dance.
No time to wait till her mouth can
Enrich that smile her eys began.
A poor life this if, full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare.
参考译诗:
空 闲
这算什么生活,要是满怀忧愁,
连停下来看一眼的时间都没有。
没有时间能像牛羊那样
站在树枝下面久久凝望。
没时间看一看经过的林地,
松鼠把坚果就藏在那草里。
没时间去观看,大白天没有空,
小溪里繁星璀璨,像夜晚星空。
没时间顾盼美人的娇美眉目,
观赏她轻盈自如的脚底舞步。
没有时间等待她开口
眉开眼笑让你消愁解忧。
这样生活太乏味,满怀担忧,
连站着看一看的时间都没有。
(2)
To His Coy Mistress
Had we but world enough, and time,
This coyness, lady, were no crime.
We would sit down, and think which way
To walk, and pass our long love's day.
Thou by the Indian Ganges' side
Shouldst rubies find; I by the tide
Of Humber would complain. I would
Love you ten years before the Flood,
And you should, if you please, refuse
Till the conversion of the Jews.
My vegetable love should grow
Vaster than empires, and more slow;
An hundred years should go to praise
Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze;
Two hundreds to adore each breast,
But thirty thousand to the rest;
For, lady, you deserve this state,
Nor would I love at lower rate.
But at my back I always hear
Time's wingèd chariot hurrying near;
And yonder all before us lie
Deserts of vast eternity.
Thy beauty shall no more be found,
Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound
My echoing song; then worms shall try
That long-preserved virginity,
And your quaint honor turn to dust,
And into ashes all my lust:
The grave's a fine and private place,
But none, I think, do there embrace.
Now therefore, while the youthful hue
Sits on thy skin like morning dew,
And while thy willing soul transpires
At every pore with instant fires,
Now let us sport us while we may,
And now, like amorous birds of prey,
Rather at once our time devour
Than languish in his slow-chapped power.
Let us roll all our strength and all
Our sweetness up into one ball,
And tear our pleasures with rough strife
Thorough the iron gates of life:
Thus, though we cannot make our sun
Stand still, yet we will make him run.
参考译诗:
致他忸怩的情人
假如我们有足够的空间和时间,
你这忸怩,夫人,就不算什么罪愆。
我们可以坐下来好好想一想
到哪儿去度过爱的漫长时光。
你可去印度恒河畔寻找红宝石,
我就在亨伯河边望着潮水叹息。
我可在“洪水”前十年开始爱你,
你也可以,如果你愿意,
拒绝接受我对你的情爱,
直到犹太人把信仰更改。
我的爱会像植物般生长,
比帝国更广,慢慢扩张;
我愿用百年赞扬你双眸之美,
再用同样时间凝视你的娥眉;
用二百年时间膜拜你的酥胸,
其余部位我再用三万个秋冬;
用一个世纪赞美你的一个部位,
最后一个世纪你总该打开心扉。
因为,夫人,你值得这样的礼遇,
我也不会以更低的代价爱你。
但是,我总听到时间飞轮
在背后不断逼近,向前飞奔;
我们前面是荒漠一片,
广涯无边,永恒不变。
那里找不到你的花容月貌,
大理石的墓穴里也听不到
我的歌声回荡;只有蛆虫
把你长期保存的贞操戏弄,
你那矜持娇态将变成尘埃,
我的情欲成灰也将不再。
坟墓可以隐私,固然很好,
但我想,绝无人在那里拥抱。
因此上,当你的青春色素
如同朝露在你皮肤上留驻,
当你那乐意的心灵透过
每个毛孔喷出渴望之火,
让我们抓紧时间嬉戏一场,
像一对求爱的猛禽一样,
与其让时光之牙慢慢噬咬,
不如让我们一口把时光吞掉。
让我们把全身力气和所有甜蜜
揉合在一起,卷进一个球里,
冲破限制人生的两扇铁门,
奋力去争夺欢乐的人生:
这样,我们虽不能叫太阳停住,
但可以叫它跟在我们后面跑步。
抑扬格四音步的双行偶韵诗行和诗节常用以表现轻松、愉快的节奏,上面两首诗就是例证。
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