本帖最后由 雨荷风 于 2015-10-7 16:18 编辑
残,小类内多义词。凡此,汉语多不细辨,有误滑过,差不出三里,但英译时则需委细,而因语言差异,交集带及,常至于显。李义山《无题》:“东风无力百花残”,“残”为动词,“歹”旁,古有“杀、灭”义(《周礼·夏官·大司马》:“放弑其君,则残之”郑玄注:“残,杀也。”《战国策·中山策》:“魏文侯欲残中山”高诱注:“残,灭之也。”),故此诗此句不注则已,注则皆为“凋谢”义。然则春末,百花谢,可乎?古今谁尝予正解?此“残”只能为整体“残缺,不全”义。英译一则乏确切对应者,以 fragmentary 或 incomplete 犹有歧义,二则百花宏观之“残”,即微观之有谢,故按之译可,但须谨慎。英文用于花,常有fade (褪色乃致凋落)、wither (枯萎或枯落)、wilt (枯萎)、fall (谢落),1962年芝加哥大学出版University of Chicago Press,由James J.Y.Liu 翻译的The Art of Chinese Poetry 译此句作:
Powerless lingers the eastern wind as all the flowers decay.
用decay,为押韵,其整诗押韵全同于原诗,未换韵,为AABACADA 式,十分难得,然而单以decay,用于植物,则为腐烂义,所谓有得必有失,更且all the flowers 便还“百花尽谢”,失此为大。中山大学唐正秋教授(《中国爱情诗精选》四川人民出版社2006年)亦以all the flowers 外,尚以listless见拘陋,唯其终或自觉后者不妥:东风强弱与花何干?又以East 大写开头(如以“东风”更明确代指春,Wind亦须大写开头,差强或可),欲模糊于“东君”之类?唯愈失伦脊耳:
The East wind is listless and all the flowers wither;
许渊冲、王玉书俱未以all the flowers,是为明者,然而后者译作:
The eastern wind being weak, flowers wither and cease to grow.
其cease to grow 为骈拇,庸沓无味。至于Witter Bynner 译此句作:
And the east wind has arisen and a hundred flowers are gone,
不知或不管“百花”之义,不知此“残”义,arise 又译反,整句却无意或有意歪打正着,别成诗义。
宋王逢原《送春》:“三月残花落更开”,是为春花真象,Herbert A.Giles 译作:
In May flowers fade, and others come to bloom among the leaves,
以May 为农历三月,迟,温庭筠《寒食前有怀》:“残芳荏苒双飞蝶”,可见只当如常后推一月,为April。此句“残”究为何义?细忖,仍以宏观为视,入目一片残缺之中有开有落,而开少落多,不复无“残”时之盛,若否,花开两度,踵继无隙,非常品种也。故此“残”仍为上义,Herbert A.Giles 以 fade 兼“残”与“落”,若译武元衡《春兴》:“残花落尽见流莺”该如何办?
苏轼词《蝶恋花》:“花褪残红青杏小”,此为仲春,杏花红李花白,花落而杏生之际,细琢,仍是宏观之视:花落才有杏渐生,为常识,“花褪残红”为“红花落尽”之饶舌,焉有花落际杏已“小”之理?然以宏观,非尽同时,尚有零落残花时,别树已出青杏,才合理。许渊冲译作:
Red flowers fade and green apricots are still small
明违反植属常伦。张炳星之译则更“暴殄天物”:
The red flower is fading low, while the green apricot is still small.
皆用单数,进行时中,已出小杏;亦且许渊冲“花褪残红”译作:red flowers fade,即“红花残腿”,自有见识,盖杏花红瓣,纵入于泥而不褪色,所谓落红不是无情物,化作春泥更护花,岂非虚拟哉。而张译虽亦以fade,但多一low,则取义便不同,已专“褪色”义而绝无涉双关之类,是观花食杏之文人,但享色味之美,而从无意其出所自,以孔子耻尝“鄙事”为龟鉴而释然,却不以“五谷不分”为囧然矣。南唐后主《乌夜啼》:“林花谢了春红”,张炳星英译却没用可以尽量双关一下的fade,只译作:
Red flowers in the spring wood have withered。
义“春林红花谢了”,岂是原义?许渊冲译作:
Spring's rosy colour fades from forest flowers
义“春红谢自林花”,岂足原义?Tony Barnston & Chou Ping 译作:
Spring red fades in falling forset blossoms
(春红)“谢”出,原句隐之“落”(花)亦出,fade 且含双关,与原词句“谢”既指林花凋落,又指春色褪却相合,意足形完,是为佳译。
当然,关花“残”义,上者为少数。张继《邮亭》:“下马对残花”,明非走马观花之宏观。韦应物《始夏南园思旧里》:“对此残芳月”目只能近及。苏轼《赠刘景义》:“荷尽已无擎雨盖,菊残犹有傲霜枝”,秋景,此“残”,亦即残败、凋谢也。许渊冲又译作:
Lotuses put up no umbrellas to the rain;
Yet frost-proof branches of chrysanthemum remain.
译文不出“残”,此简略不影响整义,原亦佳,但原诗虽七绝而首两句对仗,略则更无法体现。
易安《一剪梅》:“红藕香残玉箪秋,轻解罗裳,独上兰舟”,许渊冲英译肢解重组:
The jade-like mat feels autumn's cold, I change a coat
And 'mid the fading fragrance
Of lotus pink alone I boat
除押韵因素外,岂含不在舟中,不闻荷之残香意?原词合亦佳构,分亦佳句,今此译重构,多予改易:原“秋”隐“凉”意,明之无妨,但不顾秋凉而“解罗裳”,为“上舟”也,上舟为何?“红藕香残”也。译在“凉”后change a coat,分明是“加衣”,反其道而另行保重健康之常道耳;“红藕香残”移在后,庸常情景而已矣。Tony Barnston & Chou Ping 忠实译作:
The scent of red lotus fades and my jade mat is cold as autumn.
Gently I loosen my silk robe
and enter the magnolia boat alone.
虽失之于押韵,但原义、原味之踞守容留,使见许译得不偿失,或法是而术未臻。
南唐中主《摊破浣溪沙》:“菡萏香销翠叶残”,静安啧啧独赏。美国女汉学家李又安 Adele Austin Richett,专攻《人间词话》,四十年代末五十年代初始译,英文名作Jen-Chien Tz'u-Hua,尝得钱钟书指点面命,又越久深磨,戛戛乎创为精典,其中译此引句作:
The lotus once fragrant is fragrant no more, its blue-green leaves
now withered and faded,
竟叠用withered and faded 曰“残”,然用之于浮水之荷叶,各用其“枯萎”、“褪色”义,各又并兼“谢”义。若花类,恐不能,盖自然界之花(非花瓶或纸包者),未及褪色与显枯已落矣。
元曲卢挚《沉醉东风·春情》:“残花酿蜂儿蜜脾”,许渊冲英译作:
Bees gather honey from lingering flowers;
“残”未出,而多了“流连”,则下“桃花坠”、“春归”等便失了烘衬。八十岁健翁美籍学者刘克璋先生译作:
Bees make their sweet honeycombs with withered flowers,
亦以韵译,而恪守无缺,然“残花”以withered flowers 则未佳,倘花已withered 枯萎无蕊可采,蜂居高盘空拣选,何必就焉?故此“残花”为瓣残落之鲜花,当译作:scathed flowers 为好。老先生译关汉卿《沉醉东风》:“愁则愁月缺花残”时作:
I'm worrying over that the moon waned and flowers fade,
虽为押韵,但尾单词仍应为faded,不可调和,此“残”以fade仍不佳,无论“褪色”或“凋谢”,均非原义。安徽大学教授周方珠所译相似,而亦有语病在焉:
Anxious about the moon on the wane and flowers fade.
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