本帖最后由 雨荷风 于 2015-10-7 16:17 编辑
《管锥编》首章:“黑格尔尝鄙薄吾国语文,以为不宜思辨;又自夸德语能冥契道妙,举‘奥伏赫变’(Aufheben)为例,[黑格尔谓其蕴“灭绝”与“保存”二义]以相反两意融会于一字……其不知汉语,不必责也……一字多意,粗别为二……背出或分训,如‘乱’兼训‘治’,‘废’兼训‘置’。古人所谓‘反训’,两义相违而亦相仇(应为“雠”)。”惜黑氏所举,现代德语之例,默存所举,皆上古语,如乱训治,唯见于《书·泰誓中》:“予有乱臣十人”,孔子尝引,说明当时其义未泯而已,爰率同时,《管子·君臣下》:“君为倒君,臣为乱臣,国家之衰也。”径用无恐歧义,即儒门之内,见《孟子·滕文公下》:“孔子成《春秋》而乱臣贼子惧。”至汉以降,“乱臣”庶几一义,凡偶用另义者,一皆引《书》原语,而不作循义自成语。钱默存私意,大家尝少别于愤青,“吾妻之美我者,私我也”,邹忌之妻无间然矣,人心私宗国之语吾无间然矣。
故“乱”,皆见为贬义,若乱俗、乱阶、乱民、乱党、淫乱、烦乱、动乱、狂乱、郑声之乱雅乐、闾里今谓人开放为乱、老辈谓疯为乱 ……未尝沾一褒义乃至中性。诗中之用亦然,《诗》《骚》雅醇、汉魏风骨、盛唐气象,无以为继之时,白居易“乱花渐欲迷人眼”,李商隐“小园花乱飞”,别开“乱”风气,少辟意境而多辟辞色之两宋,“乱”亦乱矣。
然而英文并无确切对应“乱”者,几组各夥近义词中,各适其所,无放之皆准者,更其亦如汉语之常,普泛贬义、抑义。香山、义山所辟之域,鞭不及腹,仍如常状态。今英译诗词于此,亦隐性文化缺省背景之一,难点之一。
唐诗如王昌龄《采莲曲》:“乱入池中看不见”,形象而已,郭著章教授译作:
Lotus and girls are mingled in one in the ponds,
“乱”译出,然mingle(混合)为用,主语须全,致采莲女如花明以着相,准原义,已下矣。再如岑参《山房春事》:“梁园日暮乱飞鸦,极目萧条两三家”,人疏鸦乱,日暮萧条,贬义在,许渊冲译首句作:
About the garden flies at dusk many a crow,
“众鸦飞园”而已,“乱”象未出,经手减色,岂是难为乎?刘军平译作:
The Rabbit Garden sees crows at dusk flutter wild,
以 wild(胡乱地,失控地),近合原义,而许渊冲译李白《秋浦歌》之十五“炉火照天地,红星乱紫烟”时尝有:Into the purple smoke red sparks wild fly,今“鸦”岂无“紫烟”更宜于用wild fly 乎?又如马戴《楚江怀古》:“苍山夹乱流”,形象,中性。Witter Bynner 译作:
While torrents are bent to the mountains' will;
“乱流”作“激流”,两义稍似,勉为其难。Peter Harris 译作:
Dark mountains press in on tumbling streams;
tumble 用于此,有水脉纷乱,而非水流纷乱义。又dark mountains 乃因前句有“明月”,后又有“夕”,及物动词press 有“夹”义,但press in 为“压入”,使译句更表为“乱脉夹苍山”。 又如崔涂《除夜有怀》:“乱山残雪夜,孤独异乡人”,亦常规之用,Witter Bynner 译作:
Through pale snow-patches in the jagged nightmountains
jag 为“使成锯齿状”,即“参差不齐的群山”,可。Peter Harris 用与上同一词:
In a night of melting snow among a tumble of mountains,
过于突出“乱”,失原之自然,与王玉书不译出“乱”,只作mountains 比,过犹不及。章碣《焚书坑》:“坑灰未冷山东乱”,此“乱”即“叛乱,造反”,字面之贬义乃相对于嬴政,而嬴政又在诗中抑贬,反反为正,纵以revolution 亦不过稍激耳,许渊冲乃以rebellion,此词义为以失败告终之暴动,“刘项”败乎?即项亦只败于刘而非秦也,故译有不妥:
Before the pit turned cold, eastern rebellion spread;
李煜《相见欢》:“剪不断,理还乱,是离愁”,自抑之义。Columbia University Press,The Columbia Antholory of Traditional Chinese Literature P310 Jiaosheng Wang 译作:
Try to cut it—it defies severing;
Sort it out—and it tangles again.
tangle 甚恰,既有“纷乱”,又有“缠结,纠结”义。然again 为不明此“还”作“更”或“仍”用,而非“又”。宇文所安Stephen Owen 译作:
You can cut it, but never cut it through,
get it set, then it's a mess again
again 亦如此,a mess 亦可。Anthology of Chinese Literature P350 Sam Houston Brock 译作:
Scissors do not sever,
Nor reason unravel,
义“剪不断,解不开”,无“乱”,则无词义之展爪。Claire Wang-Lee 译作:
I could not sort out, nor cut loose
简略特不当,未达犹甚于上。许渊冲译作:
Cut, it won't break,
Ruled, it will make
A mess to wake……
后句与其下句结合,以英诗转行法押韵,就语义自然节奏,不如Jiaosheng Wang 等展见于原之天然。
义山《落花》:“高阁客竟去,小园花乱飞”,将贬义之“乱”反用于花,若东北人拙于庖馔,倾诸物于一釜,谓“乱炖”,原本自嘲,却因反而名,誉为“佳”肴,几上国宴矣。人之竞进,义山滥觞固无责于后滥矣。Witter Bynner 此句之译:
And petals, confused in my little garden,
与Peter Harris 之译:
In the small garden blossoms fly in confusion,
皆过泥,confuse 与confusion,贬抑义较显,如是译之,英语读者必以为花园久欠修葺。王玉书略见老道:
The flowers in the small garden fall thick and fast.
如有欠者,即扫而已。
宋词花“乱”者,如李煜南唐时《喜迁莺》:“啼莺散,余花乱,寂寞画堂深院”;柳永《昼夜乐》:“对满目乱花狂絮”(许渊冲译作:I see a riot of catkins and flowers follen in showers,乱、狂合为一 riot) ;周邦彦《应天长》:“乱花过,隔院芸香,满地狼藉”(曾培慈译作:Drifting petals whirl by,飘旋为“乱”,可);王安石《渔家傲》:“山南山北花撩乱”;韩缜《凤箫引》:“乱花飞絮里,缓步香茵”(曾译:Amid drifting petals and catkins,飘为乱、飞,差可);陈亮《南歌子》:“春在乱花深处、鸟声中”;赵孟坚《花心动》:“正花飞零乱,蝶懒蜂稀。柳絮狂踪,轻入房栊,悄悄可有人知”;赵长卿《青玉案》:“小桃寂寞,海棠零乱,飞尽胭脂雨”;李元膺《洞仙歌》:“ 百紫千红花正乱,已失春风一半 ” ……
红“乱”者,如欧阳修《蝶恋花》:“乱红飞过秋千去” (李又安Adele Austin Richett 译作:Red petals swirl past the swing away,以旋为乱。许渊冲、张炳星之译,俱未理会“乱”,只作red blooms fly over the swing);欧公又《渔家傲》:“乱红飘过秋塘外”;叶梦得《贺新郎》:“睡起流莺语,掩苍苔房栊向晚,乱红无数”(曾培慈译:evreywhere countless drifting petals scatter,无“红”有“散”);李甲《帝台春》:“暖絮乱红,也似知人”(曾译:Pleasant willow stands and whirling petals seem to know how we feel,泰半离义);晏殊《木兰花》:“入破舞腰红乱旋”(曾译:Her dance to the Cleaving symphony whirled petals around her waist,陋不可论,“舞腰红乱旋”非要横添petals,等);秦观《点绛唇》:“山无数,乱红如雨”;姜夔《眉妩·戏张仲远》:“乱红万点”;韩琦《点绛唇》:“乱红飘砌”;赵长卿《浣溪纱》: “洗残枝上乱红稀”;张可久曲《越调》:“燕嘴香泥沾乱红” ……
及至其他,如苏轼《洞仙歌》:“人未寝,倚枕钗横鬓乱”(张炳星译:And leaning on her pillow blue, with crossed hairpins and fluffy temple,鬓角蓬松fluffy temple,实即如此,得之);吴文英《踏莎行》则有:“艾枝应压愁鬟乱”(曾译:Wormwood figures have her worrying hair tipped,未得之也);顾夐《荷叶杯》:“鬓乱四肢柔”;吴文英《花犯·郭希道送水仙索赋》:“临砌影,寒香乱”(曾译:In the shadow of rock piles, her faint fragrance scatters,寒香竟作“淡香” faint fragrance,此“乱”作“散”,亦远未为允当); 姜夔《蓦山溪》:“香絮乱因风” …… 至于钱惟演《木兰花》:“城上风光莺语乱”(曾译:In the town, the warble of orioles mingles among its glorious scenery and sights);冯延已《菩萨蛮》:“浓睡觉来莺语乱”;张可久《清江引》:“黄莺乱啼门外柳”等, 亦与小谢《登山曲》:“风荡飘莺乱,韵行芳树低”有袭承关系。
毛泽东氏《渔家傲·反第一次大围剿》:“不周山下红旗乱”,用法确较宋词同类多数酥软怨嗔者为刚劲,钱钟书等英译作:Under the riot of red flags round the foot of Puchou ! 此中riot 恰与其当时所为相兼容。至于提夫人七绝“乱云飞渡仍从容”,不可玩味,意薄韵寡而凑句耳,比宋人“乱云衰草苍茫外”尚不及多矣。钱译:Riotous clouds sweep past, swift and tranquil。英词riotous 之乱义,尚兼有“放荡”之义,钱氏读书之博,毛不出其什一,此诗原型所自,殆与此译词之选用暗合矣。
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