本帖最后由 雨荷风 于 2015-10-7 16:12 编辑
副词“相”,人多知为“互相,交互”,如相拥、相聚、相饮、相约、相叙契阔、相依为命、老死不相往来等;尝或熟视无睹于亦用于“单方施为”,如相助、相问、相劝、相信、相托、相求、以身相许等;此外尚有两皆宜者,如相知、相望、相思、相让、相认等;亦有一兼两义者,如相报、相对,前者既用于若冤冤相报,亦用于向某相报,后者既用于两者相对,又用于单方。
崔国辅《小长干曲》:“月暗送湖风,相寻路不通。菱歌唱不辍,知在此塘中”,相寻,即两皆宜者,相互寻、单方寻,皆可。恋爱男女于湖夜,必互寻,然而诗只写男,寻女不得,女之“寻”有意而无动,别以“歌不辍”,凰导凤而已,宇文所安Stephen Owen 译第二句作:
I was out looking for you, but couldn't find my way.
“相”识无惑,是为得之矣。
曹植《七步诗》:“本是同根生,相煎何太急”,相煎,两宜,而偏重于相互,然而此诗中专指单方施于己。美汉学家Graham Sanders 译此句作:
"we are from the same root born,
So why the hurry to cook me up ?"
亦得之矣。许渊冲译此句作:
"Grown from same root, please,
Why boil us so hot ?"
是泥于“相”之“相互”,只少each other 耳,虽义大致不差,但辞色明失示弱,而念念于等侪,若原文如此,文帝必诛之。
张九龄《感遇》:“谁知林栖者,闻风坐相悦”,相悦,亦两宜,“两情相悦”为相互,“女为悦己者容”为单方,换言“女为相悦者容”毫无二致。此诗即单方,林栖者(作者自己)悦于风也,王玉书译作:
The forest dwellers just sit down, you know,
And please themselves when they hear the wind blow.
使林栖者(隐居者)非独,作“闻风自相悦”,暗含“相互愉悦”之解,纠结于“相”,尚不及西人Witter Bynner 之译:
Yet why will you think that a forest-hermit,
Allured by sweet winds and contented with beauty,
以及Peter Harris 之译,两译皆知“林栖者”指己,用单数:
No one is aware of the forest dweller
That listens to the breeze, delights in it all.
aware of 强调感知,而非心知或理性之知,殊佳矣。
孟郊《烈女操》:“梧桐相待老,鸳鸯会双死”。古代传说梧为雄树,桐为雌树,梧桐同长同老,同生同死,故以此植物对等“鸳鸯”。王玉书译首句作:
Chinese parasols won't grow old till their mates do.
又失之矣,“梧桐”以复数,非必双;mate 作动词时有较明确“配对”之义,然此处作名词,既可为“配偶”,又可为“伙伴”;既可双,又可众。盖“相待”为三皆宜者,既可指单方对待之,又可指双方,还可指大于二者之间相互对待。然古配偶、伴侣间,常用“相待”,此诗非此义莫属。王译至少失之于含混,又不及西人之译也,试较Witter Bynner 之:
Lakka-trees ripen two by two
虽“梧桐”不确,但树中鸳鸯者,誓死明确。又Peter Harris 之译:
Parasol trees take care of each other as they grow old.
译之缀属,须在通观诗意之下,此诗荦荦大端,巨细皆在,余不信二氏之译歪打正着也。
李煜《相见欢》:“胭脂泪,相留醉”,前句由老杜《曲江对雨》“林花著雨胭脂湿”化来,后句一作“留人醉”,何意?周汝昌亦尝曰:“非‘陶醉’,‘迷醉’也”。张炳星按“留人醉”,后句作:Making me intoxicated, and out of gears,为“陶醉”;Claire Wang-Lee 译后句作:
We are drunk togather.
必是按“相留醉”,且“相”,按“相互”,“醉”则为“饮醉”。林花何饮酒?拟人化可,但酒何来?花长于地,何言留?如此拙译,解“醉”误在其次,不明“相留”只可单方施为,乃要害。许渊冲解“醉”亦误,然知“相留”,尚在底线之上:
You keep me drunk
With your rouged tear.
Tony Barnston & Chou Ping 亦然,且未出“胭脂”,亦佳,盖“胭脂湿”颇形象、造妙,而“胭脂泪”若不明隶事,语近迷乱,不啻鸡肋之属:
You weep red tears
and keep me drinking here.
Anthology of Chinese Literature P350,引Arthur Walley 译此作:
Your tears-stained rouge will keep me
Drinking here beside you
与许渊冲一样,以两句联义,细思但无不可。后主“相留醉”,实未具多少无理之妙趣,古今名家解人,大言凿凿,天花乱坠并醉,余以尽信则不如无躭待之耳,私以为60%趁韵。Arthur Walley 此译除亦明在“相留”外,尚在“胭脂泪”,唯作 tears-stained rouge,才在英文中聊以成义,许译rouged tear 不能晓白于洋人也。
张籍《节妇吟》:“还君明珠双泪垂,恨不相逢未嫁时”,相逢,多指双方相互,A逢B,岂无B不逢A之理,然亦可指单方,何也?A逢B侧影或背影,B不知逢A,为A逢B,而B未逢A。犹须躬逢盛世,而盛世不遇人。此诗非侧背影一类,盖全诗皆节妇口吻,岂宜忽言双方相互?此犹“恨不逢君未嫁时”,Herbert A.Giles 译末句作:
Tears— that we did not meet in earlier years!
W.J.B.Fletcher 亦以韵诗译,末句作:
Regretting that we had not met ere Fortune placed me here.
Henry H.Hart 未以韵译,又增益较多,末句作:
Alas, that perverse life so willes it
That we met too late, after
I had crossed my husband's threshold
On that fateful wedding day !
Tony Barnston & Chou Ping 译末句作:
Why didn't we meet before I married ?
皆为双方相互,盖英语we 出口太易,然而中国学者亦如此,2003 New York: Hippocrene Books出版,Xiaolong Qiu 编译之Treasury of Chinese Love Poems: in Chinese and English 译作末句:
Oh, if we could have met before I married.
许渊冲译末句作:
Why did we not meet before I was made a wife ?
中国(背景)译者,即使不觉整诗满篇I 忽转插we 有所别扭,可以从西洋语风,但岂不知中国古代漫说节妇,即不必节之妇,称己“妾”、称人“君”外,称“我们”、“我俩”、“吾等”,可乎?如必称,以何?故无虑后者,单以前者诗口吻角度,岑参《逢入京使》:“马上相逢无纸笔”,虽亦为单方,然诸译,除宇文所安译作:I meet you now on horseback,许渊冲与王玉书异曲同工,皆译作:Meeting you on horseback,三氏佳于“达”,刘军平未译出“逢”(漏义,不佳)外,如丁祖馨、Witter Bynner 、Peter Harris 等皆译作 we meet,却失之者,无如是之甚矣。此亦如李商隐《无题》之三:“相见时难别亦难”,诸英译虽未必非有each other 者,但往往如Witter Bynner 之译:
Time was long before I met her, but is longer since we parted,
内中多必有we 出现,然而李煜《浪淘沙》:“别时容易见时难”英译时,却率皆只有I 与her,而无we,岂不知,后者正自前者而来,稍换面目,语之主宾语全同。
刘长卿《寻南溪常山道人隐居》末:“溪花与禅意,相对亦忘言”,此“相对”,单方之为也。王玉书译作:
Such flowers by the brook and such monastic solitude
Would, even in the Taoist's presence, keek me mute.
“相对”未出,“溪花与禅意”原无驱率之能动,悟者自动,此反之。又even 云云盖欲对应“亦”,不知此“亦”,乃用典于陶潜《饮酒诗》“此中有真意,欲辩已忘言”而故留之痕迹。Witter Bynner之译:
And, mingling with Truth among the flowers,
I have forgotten what to say.
亦无“相对”,代之以“混杂于”(花中禅意),所谓“一片清机……结处拈花微喻,不沾身说法”(清乔亿《大历诗略》卷一),则失之。而Peter Harris 之译:
The blossoms on the stream are face to face
With the meditating mind, and words are lost.
误以上下句连作一句,即溪花与禅意“相对”。
谢灵运《石壁精舍还湖中作》:“蒲稗相因依”,蒲稗,菖蒲与稗草;因依,倚傍,阮籍 《咏怀》之八:“迴风吹四壁,寒鸟相因依” 。两诗中“相”,相互。Sam Hamill 译作:
cattails and rushes growing thickly.
以thickly,远未得之。“中国典籍英译研究会”会长汪榕培译作:
Weeds and reeds are floating in the wake.
大易原义,迭相彰误,育人者恕己也。菖蒲虽为水生植物,但非浮萍类,绝无漂浮float,而稗草为陆生,此为岸边景物。况译文已改原文中物作weed(杂草)与reed(芦苇),何来漂浮?即漂浮,in the wake of 为“伴随”,其中of 不可省略,略则全非,of 后亦须有介词宾语,才成义。故译句诚为拙劣者。
“相随”,单方断无疑误,韦庄《女冠子》:“不知魂已断,空有梦相随”,香港中文大学Hong Kong: Research Centre for Translation 2003年出版之A Silver Treasury of Chinese Lyrics,编者为Alice W Cheang,此词译者为Michael Farman,此句作:
And how we would be together
only in my dream.
笼而统之,义不偏多少,然而前有“别君”,此句“梦相随”,为“梦里随君”。此译文转用于晏几道《鹧鸪天》:“从别后,忆相逢,几回魂梦与君同”倒稍调整即可,试较许渊冲译后者作:How many times have I met you in dream at night! 所以如此,盖因Michael Farman 未将“相随”译出,而导致语奢义逊,比见许渊冲“相随”之译,句只其半,而义自明:
I follow you in dream unwoken.
然许译unwoken,画蛇添足,意欲表“不能醒来”,或“长不醒”,或“无醒之梦”,以大略对应“空有”。首先其不能对应,故而已另成义,而另成者邈玄之风,大不类于原整体。故只需依“相随”而轻放作:
I only follow you in dream
岂不简单而又近该原义?张炳星之译,即大率如此:
I could follow you only in my dream now.
Tony Barnston & Chou Ping 之译,亦忠实简洁无枝蔓之扰:
and chase after you in dream.
唯 chase after 不及 follow,盖前有“四月十七,正是去年今日,别君时”,已“梦相随”整一年矣,译则为现在完成进行时态之简,故不适用。
元好问《摸鱼儿二首》其一:“问世间,情为何物,直教生死相许”,无论此中,或别处,凡“相许”,只为单方施为,若两单方各皆向对方“相许”,无非巧合,亦非“相互”之用者。任治稷、余正二氏之英译:
Ask the world,
What is this thing called love
That even promises life and death to each other?
作“相互”,是为不知汉语者也。不见此词序曰:“道逢捕雁者云:‘今日获一雁,杀之矣,其一脱网者悲鸣不能去,竟自投于地而死’”?是其一为另一“生死相许”,而另一乃先为“捕雁者”杀死,未“相互”也。即使“另一”同可为“其一”如此,亦各自动作耳。
司空曙《云阳馆与韩绅宿别》:“乍见翻疑梦,相悲各问年”,此“相悲”,非相互与悲,而为各单方“递相,先后”(successively,或 one after another)义,不译出亦可,王玉书作:
Now we meet again, wondering if it is a dream.
Sadly we ask each other's age, so old we are.
Witter Bynner 译作:
And suddenly to find you seems like a dream....
With a catch in the throat, we ask how old we are.
Peter Harris 译作:
It seems oddly like a dream to meet suddenly again,
Each of us asking in sorrow, "How old are you now?"
皆未惑于“相”,而皆误在“年”,“故人”相逢,竟互不知龄齿,岂不匪夷所思,生生毁掉一副佳对(方回《瀛奎律髓》卷二十四:“三四一联,乃久别忽逢之绝唱也。”)。
“相与”,相互与之,共同、同时、一道也。陶潜《移居》其一:“奇文共欣赏,疑义相与析”,准对仗句,“相与”正同“同”义。宇文所安Stephen Owen 译作:
In rare writings we'll find a shared delight,
between us we'll work out problems of meaning.
略未得之,以“相与”作“相互间”,虽差之不远。汪榕培译作:
We enjoy amazing essays and read aloud;
From puzzling sections we remove the cloud.
为押韵,衍溢若read aloud 等,俗之,而挤兑“相与”未出。又陶潜《饮酒》其五:“山气日夕佳,飞鸟相与还”,同上。David Hinton 之译未出“相与”,无挤簇之因,稍不足:
birds in flight returning home.
Cecile Sun 译后句,则颇得之:
The flying bieds are returning home wing to wing.
汪榕培此之译佳,昭显“相与”:
While flocks of birds are flying home together.
田晓菲之译(2005年Seattle:University of Washington Press出版之Tao Yuanming & Manuscript Culture: the Record of a Dusty Table.):
And birds fly back with one another.
亦“共同”,而更含“相互”蕴义,更佳。陶潜《饮酒》其十四:“挈壶相与至”许渊冲译作:
Come to me with liquor sweet and fine.
Tony Barnston & Chou Ping 译作:
and come with a pot of wine.
均未出“相与”。陶《拟古九首》其四:“相与还北邙”许渊冲译作:
One by one was piled the tomb and mound.
竟作“依次”,擅改或未解原文。
“相识”,今义“相互认识”,单方认识不为“相识”,否则迈克尔·乔丹、马拉多纳等与地球人皆为“相识”。但古义可指单方,“儿童相见不相识”,只以儿童角度单方。Innes Herdan、台湾施颖州等所译皆无惑误。崔颢《长干曲》之二:“同是长干人,生小不相识”,双、单方皆可,许渊冲译作:
We live on the same shore,
Not knowing it before.
简化不甚得当,分词从句中it 必矣指上句整意,则意非原,意义又何在焉?Peter Harris 译作:
Though I didn't know you when I was a boy.
以“单方”作相识,可。然“生小”误,同于王玉书之译:
As child, we each other didn't know;
In fact, we live in the same town.
作“相互认识”,可,但此与上两译皆作“少时”,实“生小”为“自小”,今俗谓“打小”,早在《玉台新咏·古诗为焦仲卿妻作》:“昔作女儿时,生小出野里。”即有之。Witter Bynner 之译:
Both of us born in Changgan, you and I !
Why haven't we always known each other ?"
语气 (tone) 间,颇有类“恨不相逢未嫁时”之音色,何必?此二小诗并无深意,乐府俚情而已,长干水域,乡俗以舟为家,虽陆上邻里而尝有生小不识者也。
乐天《新乐府序》曰:“卒章显其志,诗三百之义也。”余之微志,疏浚残沙只砾而已,故临末,以管见不揣妄议。“相看”,除兼有单、双方外,尚有他义。李白《独坐敬亭山》:“众鸟高飞尽,孤云独去闲。相看两不厌,唯有敬亭山”,有“两”在,犹梁简文帝《对烛赋》:“迴照金屏里,脉脉两相看。”故自古皆解作山之“拟人化”,相互看,实此种故弄痴狂,已涉做作。李白原义,余以为,乃不对称双关之用也。“相看”既有单方看,亦有单方“对待,待遇”义,《再生缘》第二一回:“望祈照拂如儿女,万勿相看当上宾。”是也,白诗“我看山,山待我,两不厌之”,而皆以“相看”为兼于一,方为佳意也。宇文所安译为:We look at each other and never get bored,是为常规之译法;甚至,Herbert.A.Giles,与Tony Barnston & Chou Ping 循而进一步拟人化,前者译作:
But we never tire of each other, not we,
As we sit there togather,— the mountains and I.
后者进一步之方向,全同:
We sit togather, the mountain and me,
until only the mountain remains.
唯两中国学者见异,刘军平译其作:
Between you and me I shall never tire of seeing,
The Jingting Mountain in all its beauteous being.
义“你我间,我永不厌倦相看,敬亭山美哉”。许渊冲译作:
Gazing on Mount Jingting, nor I
Am tired of him, nor he of me
义“凝望敬亭山,我不会厌倦,它也不会厌倦于我(被我望)”。二氏各自弃与半弃所谓拟人化,虽似稍略演易无根,未直接用不对称双关,但已近矣,而译义丝毫未减薄诗意,足为侧证。
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