本帖最后由 雨荷风 于 2015-10-7 22:20 编辑
3) 演講稿
演講稿除了達意﹐還要講究語氣。如果原文帶有鼓動性﹐譯文也不能平淡﹐要譯得簡潔﹐不要拖泥帶水﹐就像你自己在向人演講一樣。如林肯的The Gettysburg Address﹕
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
八十七年前﹐我們的父老們在這個大陸上建立了一個新國家。它孕育於自由中﹐奉獻於人“生而平等”之信念。目前﹐我們正從事於國內戰爭﹐以測試是否這個國家﹐或任何如此孕育中和如此奉獻著的國家﹐能長久永存。我們相逢於這個戰爭的一個偉大的戰場上。我們來奉獻這個戰場的一角﹐作為那些犧牲生命者的長眠之所。他們的犧牲才使得這國家得以存活。我們應該這麼做。這是完全合適的。但是﹐就廣義來說﹐我們不能奉獻﹐我們不能獻祭﹐我們不能聖化這塊土地。那些在此戰鬥的勇士們﹐不論生者死者﹐已經聖化了它﹐決非我們微小的權力可以增減的。這世界不會注意﹐不會長久記得我們在此說些什麼。但這世界不會忘記他們在此做了什麼。對我們生者來說﹐要在此奉獻於未竟之事業。那些在此戰鬥的人們已經把這個事業崇高地推進至此。對我們來說﹐要在此奉獻於我們前面的偉大任務。所以要從那些榮譽的死者身上﹐接過對這事業的進一步貢獻。為此﹐他們作出了最後全力的奉獻。所以我們要在此下極大的決心﹕那些死者不會白死。所以這個上帝庇護下的國家﹐將會在自由中新生。所以這個屬於人民的﹑由人民支持的﹑為了人民的政府決不會從地球上消失。
幾點說明﹕1﹐在達意情況下﹐用字儘量精練緊湊。去掉可有可無之字﹐讀起來才會顯得不拖遢而有力。如果開頭譯成“在七十八年以前”﹐讀上去就顯得鬆散。2﹐英文結構中可以短語接短語﹐從句接從句。但在中文結構裡﹐卻不可以這樣﹐不符合中文慣例。所以﹐對較長的英文句子﹐就得在一個適當的地方切斷﹐在中文裡另起一句。3﹐翻譯前﹐先通讀幾遍﹐熟悉全文﹐得到其神髓﹐才能譯出其精神。著手翻譯時﹐把每句意思吃透﹐分成幾個層次﹐再考慮怎樣把意思一層層譯成中文。
同樣﹐中譯英也要考慮這些原則。下面從一篇演講稿裡摘錄了有趣的一段﹐試譯一下。因無法聯係演講者﹐在此致謝。
請問各位一個問題，成功靠什麼? 靠努力，沒錯，但我聽過一句話，更震撼，成功靠勉強。請仔細咀嚼體會其中涵義。所以說如果我今天站在台上，有任何一絲勉強，那表示什麼？表示我離成功又更近了一步
Let me ask everyone here a question: on what success depends. On efforts. That's right. But I heard someone say, very shocking, that success depends on reluctance. Please carefully chew the meaning behind the words. So if I'm standing here today on this platform with slight reluctance, what does that mean? It means that I am one step closer to success.
4) 散文﹐包括隨筆等（essay）
散文essay的文學性較強﹐但其筆調又不同於小說。翻譯散文﹐對兩種語言都要有較強的文學修養﹐才能譯來得心應手。現在先把中譯英列於下面﹕陋室銘（唐）劉禹錫
山不在高，有仙則名。水不在深，有龍則靈。斯是陋室，惟吾德馨。苔痕上階綠，草色入簾青。談笑有鴻儒，往來無白丁。可以調素琴，閱金經。無絲竹之亂耳，無案牘之勞形。南陽諸葛廬，西蜀子雲亭。孔子云：「何陋之有？」
AN
EULOGY
ON
MY
HUMBLE
ABODE
by Liu Yuxi of Tang Dynasty
Known will the hills be if fairies dwell, no matter high or low; and charmed will
the water be
if dragons lurk, no matter deep or shallow.
A humble abode though this is, my virtues make it
smell sweet.
Verdant are the stonesteps overgrown with moss, and green seems the screen
as the grass seen through it.
I chat and laugh only with great scholars and have no intercourse with the ignorant.
I can play lute and read my sutras. No unpleasant music to grate on my ears and no red-tape to weary my mortal form.
Zhuge's cottage in Nanyang and Ziyun's pavilion in Xishu are both like what Confucius quoth, "How canth it be humble?"
說明﹕中文裡用了排比句﹐譯文裡當然也要用排比句以作對應。別說英文裡不用排比句。有美國文學之父之稱的華盛頓?歐文Washington Irving有本“遊歐雜記”The Sketch Book裡有許多排比句。請看這一段﹕
How many bright eyes grow dim—how many soft cheeks grow pale—how many lovely forms fade away into the tomb, and none can tell the cause that blighted their loveliness! As the dove will clasp its wings to its side, and cover and conceal the arrow that is preying on its vitals, so is it the nature of woman to hide from the world the pangs of wounded affection.
只是英文中的排比句沒有中文裡的工整﹐因為兩種語言的不同。並且中文是方塊字。但至少能在英文中看到排比的形式。再看英文裡的散文怎樣譯成中文較好﹕
ON
ETIQUETTE（論禮儀）
Etiquette is to society what apparel is to the individual.
Without apparel men would go in shameful nudity, which would surely lead to the corruption of morals; and without etiquette society would be in a pitiable state and the necessary intercourse between its members would be interfered by needless offences and troubles. If society were a train, the etiquette would be the rails, along which only the train could rumble forth; if society were a state coach, the etiquette would be the wheels and axis, on which only the coach could roll forward.
The lack of proprieties would make the most intimate friends turn to be the most decided enemies and the friendly or allied countries declare war against each other.
We can find many examples in the history of mankind.
A duke of Song Dukedom in East Zhou Dynasty in ancient China was killed by his favorite knight for a joking word. Therefore, I advise you to stand on ceremony before anyone else and
to take pains not to do anything stupid against etiquette lest you give offences or make enemies.
禮儀至於社會猶如衣服至於個人。沒有衣服﹐人們會以蒙羞的裸體走動。那必將會導致道德的敗壞。沒有禮儀﹐社會將處於一個可嘆的狀態﹐而成員間的必要交往也將因不必要的得罪和麻煩而受到干擾。如果社會是一列火車﹐禮儀就是軌道。只有沿著軌道﹐火車才能轟奔前進。如果社會是一輛王家馬車﹐禮儀就是輪子和軸。只有靠輪子和軸﹐馬車才能滾滾向前。
缺乏禮儀會使最親密的朋友變成最不可挽回的敵人﹐可使友好或聯盟的國家相互宣戰。在人類的歷史上﹐我們可以找到許多例子。在古代中國東周時有個宋國﹐宋公就是因為一句笑話而給他一個寵信的武士殺了。所以我勸告你們要在任何人面前保持禮儀﹐要盡力防止去做任何違反禮儀之蠢事﹐免得你得罪人或樹敵。
說明﹕在第二段第一句中﹐英文可以用一個主要動詞﹐後面跟個人和國家兩個情況。但在中文裡﹐必須重複用那個動詞“使”。又﹕decided一詞在英文裡意為“堅定的”。但如果在中文裡說﹕“會使最親密的朋友變成最堅定的敵人”﹐實在不是好的中文﹐雖然意思不錯。這裡換用成“不可挽回”﹐就更好了。意思並沒有改變。這屬於同義詞的靈活換用。
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