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发表于 2011-3-17 15:56:52
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本帖最后由 Rhapsodia 于 2011-3-17 15:58 编辑
下面我们来看看本琼生那首诗的后半部分:
11 Oh, but my conscious fears, 3ft
12 That fly my thoughts between, 3ft
13 Tell me that she hath seen 3ft
14 My hundreds of gray hairs 3ft
15 Told seven and forty years, 3ft
16 Read so much waste as she cannot embrace 5ft
17 My mountain belly and my rocky face, 5ft
18 And all these, through her eyes, have stopped her ears 5ft
虽然我们说整首诗是用抑扬格写成的,但是看这里的第一行和第三行,第一个音步却是反过来的,即扬抑格音步。“Oh, but”和“Tell me”都是第一个音节(Oh, Tell)比第二个音节(but, me)重,这种违反整体大规则,改为与之相反的音韵形式,有个专门的词,叫 inversion反转/倒置, 这种反过来的音步,就叫inverted foot反转音步。据统计,这种反转音步非常常见。反转音步能使诗行的开头很不一般,令人感到别样的效果。这种首音步(诗行的第一个音步)反转大量出现在名师名篇中。如:
Now is the winter of our discontent
Jove in the clouds had his inhuman birth
Further in Summer than the Birds
When to the sessions of sweet, silent thought
That’s my last Duchess painted on the wall
Much have I traveled in the realms of gold
Something there is that doesn’t love a wall
行首反抑扬是非常常见的。听起来并没有太多的异样。统计上来看,在第二音步用反转抑扬格少得多,但听起来却更明显和突出。如:
My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
What vain art can reply
The soft voice of the nesting dove
Now no joy but lack salt
Or in the third position:
For precious friends, hid in death’s dateless night
With eager thought warbling his Doric lay
I step inside, letting the door thud shut
And more rarely (in a line long enough) the fourth position:
The beat’s too swift. The notes shift in the dark
By the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill
到目前为止,我们只需要明白反转音步(倒装音步)在抑扬格诗歌中,是很常见的,尤其是出现在行首。这种反抑扬格的音步叫扬抑格,学名词叫trochee。
抑扬格除了时常被扬抑格替代,还有时,抑扬格的第一个轻音部分,分成两个,如:
Told seven and forty years, 声音上的划分就是
told SE-/-ven and FOR-/-ty YEARS
这里的ven和and合起来,变成抑扬格中的“抑”音,实际的效果就是把两个音变得很快,这里有了音的省略现象,以至于两个音快到像一个音,说起来很急促的感觉。下面这行里的第三个音步也是这样:
Dust as we are, the immortal spirit grows
即:
/ the imMOR-/
这种两轻一重的音步,学名词叫anapest,即抑抑扬格,anapestic foot即为抑抑扬格音步。
有了扬抑格和抑抑扬格这两种不同的音步,抑扬格音步的诗行就与自由体诗行很明显地区别开了。
晚枫:换句话说,抑扬格的诗,不一定所有音步都是抑扬格,诗行中以抑扬格为主,可能兼有扬抑格和抑抑扬格,但无论如何,它都不可能是自由体,因为有抑扬格的主导作用。我们可以看出,英语诗歌中,抑扬格是主旋律,其他的任何“变奏”也都是在这个主旋律的基础之上。因此,我们必须重视抑扬格的学习。这就像学习中文的格律诗时,我们必须学好平仄规律一样。没有平仄的规矩,即使字数一样,也不能称为律诗。
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