2) 書信
書信的翻譯﹐就其內容來說﹐只要把意思譯過去就可以了。這裡主要談談書信的開頭和結尾。英文書信稱呼總是以dear開始﹐儘管收信人對你來說一點也不dear﹐甚至是個冤家對頭。由於現在人們學了外國﹐寫信也總是以“親愛的”開始﹐所以在翻譯上也就省事。但如果碰到以前史料或資料裡的書信﹐完全是舊體格式﹐麻煩就來了。
例如舊體格式中﹐兒子寫給父母﹐經常以此開頭﹕父母親大人膝下敬稟者。就算以沒有錯誤﹐符合規範的英語來譯﹕my respected father and mother, your son report on my knees in esteem﹐ 聽上去也非常可笑。這裡說明一下。“大人”者乃是尊稱﹐大人不能譯成my big father and mother。所以使用respected一詞﹐表示“該尊敬的”﹐用在需表示敬意的人身上。“膝下”表示不敢與父母平起平坐﹐須屈身於父母膝下來說話。可認為跪在地上說﹐所以on my knees。“稟”者﹐報告也。下對上之謂。所以用report。“敬”﹐即帶著敬意告稟﹐in esteem。按英文習慣﹐親人之間﹐即使是尊長﹐也不用respected一詞﹐而用表示親熱的詞。一般就用my dearest mother and father。如果讀過中文舊體尺牘﹐可知稱謂變化多端。但在英文中﹐根據熟悉及親密程度﹐分別選用下列四種即可﹕dear﹐my dear﹐dearest﹐my dearest。至於英文書信譯成中文﹐當然不用譯成舊體格式﹐就按一般翻譯即可。
中文書信結尾常有問候語﹐舊體中變化也不小。較簡單的如﹕敬候春安﹐即頌大安﹐順頌文安。寫給編輯的就來個“編安”。寫給父母的就要說“叩請金安”或“福安”。現代人寫信﹐不管對方是誰﹐最後來個“祝好”。到了英文中﹐可選用下列四種﹕good wishes﹐good regards﹐best wishes﹐best regards。放在信結束後空一行的位置上。
中文信裡在最後簽名的上方﹐有表示寫信人身份的詞語﹐如“兒”﹑“妻”或“你的友人”。英文中﹐親人之間用yours affectionately﹔如果對方屬於較尊敬的人物﹐可用yours respectfully﹔一般人可用yours truly﹐faithfully﹐或sincerely。現在電信裡﹐簡化為sincerely﹐truly。下面僅舉一例﹐以舊式書信體寫就﹕
王兄鑒﹕未獲訊聞﹐數月於茲。諒闔宅均安﹐為頌。近聞李兄傳言﹐足下已於本月結褵。新婚燕爾﹐不知尚念及老友乎﹖余所憾者未獲邀出席觀禮耳。但余省下婚儀﹐故兩不相欠也。便中請惠下數行為盼。祇頌
近安。
某某謹啟。
年月日。
譯成英文如下﹕
month, date, year
Dear Mr. Wang,
It's several months that I haven't heard from you. I hope your family are all well. That's my earnest wish. Recently according to Mr. Li, you got married this month. Do you still remember your old friend in your honeymoon? I felt a regret that you didn't invite me to your wedding, which saved me the cost of wedding gift. So we are even now.
Please drop me a line when you are free.
Best regards!
yours sincerely
so-and-so
3) 演講稿
演講稿除了達意﹐還要講究語氣。如果原文帶有鼓動性﹐譯文也不能平淡﹐要譯得簡潔﹐不要拖泥帶水﹐就像你自己在向人演講一樣。如林肯的The Gettysburg Address﹕
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
八十七年前﹐我們的父老們在這個大陸上建立了一個新國家。它孕育於自由中﹐奉獻於人“生而平等”之信念。目前﹐我們正從事於國內戰爭﹐以測試是否這個國家﹐或任何如此孕育中和如此奉獻著的國家﹐能長久永存。我們相逢於這個戰爭的一個偉大的戰場上。我們來奉獻這個戰場的一角﹐作為那些犧牲生命者的長眠之所。他們的犧牲才使得這國家得以存活。我們應該這麼做。這是完全合適的。但是﹐就廣義來說﹐我們不能奉獻﹐我們不能獻祭﹐我們不能聖化這塊土地。那些在此戰鬥的勇士們﹐不論生者死者﹐已經聖化了它﹐決非我們微小的權力可以增減的。這世界不會注意﹐不會長久記得我們在此說些什麼。但這世界不會忘記他們在此做了什麼。對我們生者來說﹐要在此奉獻於未竟之事業。那些在此戰鬥的人們已經把這個事業崇高地推進至此。對我們來說﹐要在此奉獻於我們前面的偉大任務。所以要從那些榮譽的死者身上﹐接過對這事業的進一步貢獻。為此﹐他們作出了最後全力的奉獻。所以我們要在此下極大的決心﹕那些死者不會白死。所以這個上帝庇護下的國家﹐將會在自由中新生。所以這個屬於人民的﹑由人民支持的﹑為了人民的政府決不會從地球上消失。
幾點說明﹕1﹐在達意情況下﹐用字儘量精練緊湊。去掉可有可無之字﹐讀起來才會顯得不拖遢而有力。如果開頭譯成“在七十八年以前”﹐讀上去就顯得鬆散。2﹐英文結構中可以短語接短語﹐從句接從句。但在中文結構裡﹐卻不可以這樣﹐不符合中文慣例。所以﹐對較長的英文句子﹐就得在一個適當的地方切斷﹐在中文裡另起一句。3﹐翻譯前﹐先通讀幾遍﹐熟悉全文﹐得到其神髓﹐才能譯出其精神。著手翻譯時﹐把每句意思吃透﹐分成幾個層次﹐再考慮怎樣把意思一層層譯成中文。
同樣﹐中譯英也要考慮這些原則。下面從一篇演講稿裡摘錄了有趣的一段﹐試譯一下。因無法聯係演講者﹐在此致謝。
請問各位一個問題,成功靠什麼? 靠努力,沒錯,但我聽過一句話,更震撼,成功靠勉強。請仔細咀嚼體會其中涵義。所以說如果我今天站在台上,有任何一絲勉強,那表示什麼?表示我離成功又更近了一步
Let me ask everyone here a question: on what success depends. On efforts. That's right. But I heard someone say, very shocking, that success depends on reluctance. Please carefully chew the meaning behind the words. So if I'm standing here today on this platform with slight reluctance, what does that mean? It means that I am one step closer to success.
4) 散文﹐包括隨筆等(essay)
散文essay的文學性較強﹐但其筆調又不同於小說。翻譯散文﹐對兩種語言都要有較強的文學修養﹐才能譯來得心應手。現在先把中譯英列於下面﹕陋室銘(唐)劉禹錫
山不在高,有仙則名。水不在深,有龍則靈。斯是陋室,惟吾德馨。苔痕上階綠,草色入簾青。談笑有鴻儒,往來無白丁。可以調素琴,閱金經。無絲竹之亂耳,無案牘之勞形。南陽諸葛廬,西蜀子雲亭。孔子云:「何陋之有?」
AN EULOGY ON MY HUMBLE ABODE
by Liu Yuxi of Tang Dynasty
Known will the hills be if fairies dwell, no matter high or low; and charmed will the water be if dragons lurk, no matter deep or shallow. A humble abode though this is, my virtues make it smell sweet. Verdant are the stonesteps overgrown with moss, and green seems the screen as the grass seen through it. I chat and laugh only with great scholars and have no intercourse with the ignorant. I can play lute and read my sutras. No unpleasant music to grate on my ears and no red-tape to weary my mortal form. Zhuge's cottage in Nanyang and Ziyun's pavilion in Xishu are both like what Confucius quoth, "How canth it be humble?"
說明﹕中文裡用了排比句﹐譯文裡當然也要用排比句以作對應。別說英文裡不用排比句。有美國文學之父之稱的華盛頓?歐文Washington Irving有本“遊歐雜記”The Sketch Book裡有許多排比句。請看這一段﹕
How many bright eyes grow dim—how many soft cheeks grow pale—how many lovely forms fade away into the tomb, and none can tell the cause that blighted their loveliness! As the dove will clasp its wings to its side, and cover and conceal the arrow that is preying on its vitals, so is it the nature of woman to hide from the world the pangs of wounded affection.
只是英文中的排比句沒有中文裡的工整﹐因為兩種語言的不同。並且中文是方塊字。但至少能在英文中看到排比的形式。再看英文裡的散文怎樣譯成中文較好﹕
ON ETIQUETTE(論禮儀)
Etiquette is to society what apparel is to the individual. Without apparel men would go in shameful nudity, which would surely lead to the corruption of morals; and without etiquette society would be in a pitiable state and the necessary intercourse between its members would be interfered by needless offences and troubles. If society were a train, the etiquette would be the rails, along which only the train could rumble forth; if society were a state coach, the etiquette would be the wheels and axis, on which only the coach could roll forward.
The lack of proprieties would make the most intimate friends turn to be the most decided enemies and the friendly or allied countries declare war against each other. We can find many examples in the history of mankind. A duke of Song Dukedom in East Zhou Dynasty in ancient China was killed by his favorite knight for a joking word. Therefore, I advise you to stand on ceremony before anyone else and to take pains not to do anything stupid against etiquette lest you give offences or make enemies.
禮儀至於社會猶如衣服至於個人。沒有衣服﹐人們會以蒙羞的裸體走動。那必將會導致道德的敗壞。沒有禮儀﹐社會將處於一個可嘆的狀態﹐而成員間的必要交往也將因不必要的得罪和麻煩而受到干擾。如果社會是一列火車﹐禮儀就是軌道。只有沿著軌道﹐火車才能轟奔前進。如果社會是一輛王家馬車﹐禮儀就是輪子和軸。只有靠輪子和軸﹐馬車才能滾滾向前。
缺乏禮儀會使最親密的朋友變成最不可挽回的敵人﹐可使友好或聯盟的國家相互宣戰。在人類的歷史上﹐我們可以找到許多例子。在古代中國東周時有個宋國﹐宋公就是因為一句笑話而給他一個寵信的武士殺了。所以我勸告你們要在任何人面前保持禮儀﹐要盡力防止去做任何違反禮儀之蠢事﹐免得你得罪人或樹敵。
說明﹕在第二段第一句中﹐英文可以用一個主要動詞﹐後面跟個人和國家兩個情況。但在中文裡﹐必須重複用那個動詞“使”。又﹕decided一詞在英文裡意為“堅定的”。但如果在中文裡說﹕“會使最親密的朋友變成最堅定的敵人”﹐實在不是好的中文﹐雖然意思不錯。這裡換用成“不可挽回”﹐就更好了。意思並沒有改變。這屬於同義詞的靈活換用。
5) 小說
小說是文學性最強的﹐可以牽涉各種文體。所以小說的翻譯要具有廣泛的知識﹐及能翻譯上述各種文體的能力。而且還要考慮到小說中人物的身份和說話的語氣等。小說中人物說話文皺皺﹐譯成的中文也要文皺皺。小說裡人物說話粗俗﹐譯成的中文也要粗俗些。否則豈能傳神。這在英譯中裡﹐應該沒有問題。這是譯者的母語。那些粗俗話﹑罵人話﹐即使譯者本人從不說﹐平時聽也聽多了﹐不會寫不出。問題是當要中譯英時﹐英文裡的粗俗話﹑罵人話實在不容易知道。又怎能翻譯﹖這的確是個難題。即使對海外華人來說﹐如果沒接觸過下層社會人物﹐就是生活在國外幾十年﹐真的還不知道這種話。唯一能得到這種資料的途徑只能通過觀看外國電影和閱讀外國人寫的小說中獲得。如果有人要體驗生活﹐到外國下層社會中去混一陣子﹐弄不好會有危險。
有本較古典的小說﹐乃英文名著﹐叫“傲慢與偏見”Pride and Prejudice﹐恐怕大家都知道﹐甚或很熟悉。其開宗明義的第一句話就是一個警句﹕It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.該書有幾個譯本。我認為翻譯得較好的是王科一的譯本。其一﹕書中主要人物為莊園主Bennet一家。他太太稱他為Mr. Bennet。如果直接譯成班奈特先生﹐在中文裡有點怪﹐因為中國人不會直接稱呼自己的丈夫為某某先生的。既然他是莊園主身份﹐譯者就把它譯為班奈特老爺。中國以前地主老婆是有把地主丈夫稱作老爺的。這就是合適性的靈活運用。一般來說﹐在不違反忠實的原則下﹐翻譯有時也得雙向考慮﹐以適應終端語言裡的可讀性。其二﹕班奈特老爺有個遠親是個書呆子牧師。等老爺死後﹐按當時法律﹐他將繼承班家產業。他聽說班家有五位漂亮的女兒﹐就想要娶其中一個。他就寫了封信給班老爺﹐說要來拜訪。這封信也是小說中的一個亮點。其內容也只有一個書呆子會寫。所以這封書信在描述人物性格方面起了極大的作用。古狗到的中文不知是否王譯本中來的。但中譯文也生動地反映了原文裡反映出的人物之神韻。
Dear Sir,
The disagreement subsisting between yourself and my late honoured father always gave me much uneasiness, and since I have had the misfortune to lose him I have frequently wished to heal the breach; but for some time I was kept back by my own doubts, fearing lest it might seem disrespectful to his memory for me to be on good terms with any one with whom it had always pleased him to be at variance. My mind however is now made up on the subject, for having received ordination at Easter, I have been so fortunate as to be distinguished by the patronage of the Right Honourable Lady Catherine de Bourgh, widow of Sir Lewis de Bourgh, whose bounty and beneficence has preferred me to the valuable rectory of this parish, where it shall be my earnest endeavour to demean myself with grateful respect towards her ladyship, and be ever ready to perform those rites and ceremonies which are instituted by the Church of England. As a clergyman, moreover, I feel it my duty to promote and establish the blessing of peace in all families within the reach of my influence; and on these grounds I flatter myself that my present overtures of good-will are highly commendable, and that the circumstance of my being next in the entail of Longbourn estate will be kindly overlooked on your side, and not lead you to reject the offered olive branch. I cannot be otherwise than concerned at being the means of injuring your amiable daughters, and beg leave to apologise for it, as well as to assure you of my readiness to make them every possible amends, -- but of this hereafter. If you should have no objection to receive me into your house, I propose myself the satisfaction of waiting on you and your family, Monday, November 18th, by four o'clock, and shall probably trespass on your hospitality till the Saturday se'nnight following*, which I can do without any inconvenience, as Lady Catherine is far from objecting to my occasional absence on a Sunday, provided that some other clergyman is engaged to do the duty of the day. I remain, dear sir, with respectful compliments to your lady and daughters, your well-wisher and friend,
William Collins
*When Mr. Collins declares that he will "trespass on your hospitality" from "Monday, November 18th" to "the Saturday se'nnight following", this means he will stay twelve days, until November 30th, the first Saturday which is more than a week after his arrival ("Saturday week" in modern British English). His visit is timed so that he will only have to find a clerical substitute for one Sunday.
親愛的長者:
以前你為(與)先父之間曾有些芥蒂,這一直使我感到不安。自先父不幸棄世以來,我常常想到要彌補這個裂痕;但我(有)一時(因)猶豫,(而)沒有這樣做,怕的是先父生前既然對閣下唯恐仇視不及,而我今天卻來与閣下修好,這未免有辱先人。不過目前我對此事已經拿定主張,因為我已在复活節那天受了圣職。多蒙已故的劉威斯?德?包爾公爵的孀妻咖苔琳?德?包爾夫人寵禮有加,恩惠并施,提拔我擔任該教區的教士,此后可以勉盡厥誠,恭待夫人左右,奉行英國教會所規定的一切儀節,這真是拜(我)三生不(有)幸。況且以一個教士的身份來說,我覺得我有責任盡我之所及,使家家戶戶得以敦穆親誼,促進友好。因此我自信這番好意一定會受到你的重視,而有關我繼承浪博恩產權一事,你也可不必介意。并請接受我獻上的這一枝橄欖枝。我這樣侵犯了諸位令媛的利益,真是深感不安,万分抱歉,但請你放心,我極愿給她們一切可能的補償,此事容待以后詳談。如果你不反對我踵門拜候,我建議于十一月十八是(日),星期一,四點鐘前來拜謁,甚或在府上叨擾至下星期六為止。這對于我毫無不便之處,因為咖苔琳夫人決不會反對我星期日偶而离開教堂一下,只消有另一個教士主持這一天的事怀(情)就行了。敬向尊夫人及諸位令媛致候。你的祝福者和朋友
威廉?柯林斯
[括弧中字乃筆者改正或補充之字。]
中文小說譯成英文當然更難﹐因為要在英文裡表達出人物的生動描述及各種對話的語氣﹐對中國譯者來說﹐很不容易。現在試看紅樓夢譯本之一小段﹐以見一斑。
原來女媧氏煉石補天之時﹐于大荒山無稽崖練成高經十二丈﹐方經二十四丈頑石三万六千五百零一塊。媧皇氏只用了三万六千五百塊﹐只單單剩了一塊未用﹐便棄在此山青埂峰下。誰知 此石自經鍛煉之后﹐靈性已通﹐因見眾石俱得補天﹐獨自己無材不堪入選﹐遂自怨自嘆﹐日夜悲號慚愧.。
現在古狗到下述譯文﹕
Four thousand six hundred and twenty-three years ago the heavens were out of repair. So the Goddess of Works set to work and prepared 36,501 blocks of precious jade, each 240 feet square by 120 feet in depth. Of these, however, she only used 36,500, and cast aside the single remaining block upon one of the celestial peaks. This stone, under the process of preparation, had become, as it were, spiritualised. It could expand or contract. It could move. It was conscious of the existence of an eternal world, and it was hurt at not having been called upon to accomplish its divine mission.
此譯文實際上是對故事情節的敘述﹐還要加些補充﹐不能看作翻譯。再看另一譯本﹕
The Empress Nu Wo, (the goddess of works,) in fashioning blocks of stones, for the repair of the heavens, prepared, at the Ta Huang Hills and Wu Chi cave, 36,501 blocks of rough stone, each twelve chang in height, and twenty-four chang square. Of these stones, the Empress Wo only used 36,500; so that one single block remained over and above, without being turned to any account. This was cast down the Ching Keng peak. This stone, strange to say, after having undergone a process of refinement, attained a nature of efficiency, and could, by its innate powers, set itself into motion and was able to expand and to contract. When it became aware that the whole number of blocks had been made use of to repair the heavens, that it alone had been destitute of the necessary properties and had been unfit to attain selection, it forthwith felt within itself vexation and shame, and day and night, it gave way to anguish and sorrow.
評﹕筆者不知為什麼兩個譯者都要把女媧譯成Goddess of Works。中國神話中﹐宇宙原來是混沌一片。後來盤古開天劈地﹐氣之清者上升為天﹐氣之濁者下沉為地。於是女媧用泥土造了人。後來傳說共工与祝融因吃天鵝蛋之爭,共工撞不周山,天塌洪水泛濫,女媧乃有補天之舉。關於量度單位﹐一直沒有統一的譯法。有的換算成英制或公制單位﹐有的就把單位名稱音譯過去。筆者以為音譯法使外國讀者毫無概念﹐不足取。筆者不才﹐也將此段文字試譯於下﹕
Long ago when Goddess Nuwa shaped stones to fix the heavens, she made 36,501 cubes of common stone, each 40 meters high and 80 meters square, at the Wuji Cliff of Mount Dahuang. Goddess Wa used only 36,500 cubes, one left unused and deserted at the foot of Qinggen Peak of that mountain. No one knows that this cube of stone, after refinement, developed human intelligence. When it came to know that other stones had all been employed for the repair of the heavens and only itself had been left in the cold as a useless one, it, therefore, sighed with a self-pity and wailed in shame day and night.
6) 詩詞
詩是語言運用的最高境界。詩的語言應該是最精練的語言﹐最有節奏的語言。所以詩的翻譯更難于散文的翻譯。在語言的精練方面﹐古代詩比現代自由體詩更明顯。不論中文詩或英文詩都一樣。這是因為古代的寫作語言結構與現代的寫作語言結構不一樣。先談中文﹐古代語言中用四個字就能表達的意思﹐在現代白話文中須用多于四個字來表達﹐於是這個精練性就喪失了﹐當然獲得了通俗性。有得有失。但對寫詩要求的精練性來說是不夠的。
A﹐詩是否能譯﹖
有人說詩是不能譯的﹐因為譯到另一種語言裡去的時候﹐已經失去了原詩的風味。這句話說了等於白說。不同的語言當然有不同的風味。唐詩譯成英文﹐難道還會有唐詩的風味嗎﹖如果因為這種情況而說詩不能譯﹐豈非因噎廢食。所以詩還是要譯的﹐中譯英或英譯中的終端詩﹐要希望還保持原詩的風味﹐就休想﹐但要有另一種語言裡的詩味﹐這是應該的。如果到了另一種語言裡沒有詩味﹐就不是詩了。
B﹐外國人能譯中國古詩嗎﹖
中國人裡確實有這個疑問。但這個問題聽起來有點戇大腔。有的外國人甚至看得懂“老子”﹐還有的在學“易經”。如果有的外國人在學唐詩﹐翻譯應該不成問題。反過來﹐中國人也不是個個能譯唐詩的。所以﹐問題不在是哪國人﹐而在於是否通過學習獲得這種翻譯能力。 |