中英互譯探討----征求意見稿2

海外逸士

一﹑所謂直譯及意譯

近代翻譯界都在討論直譯意譯問題。討論了幾十年﹐還得不出一個一致的結論。這是因為大家只是討論字面意義﹐沒有給出定義。如果我們試圖給出定義﹐再予討論﹐看看結果會怎樣。所謂直譯﹐大家認為﹐是指硬綁綁的一個字一個字譯過來。這實際上是做不到的﹐因為中英兩種語言是不對等的﹐結構差別也很大。所以提出直譯的說法是不妥當的。所謂意譯可以指按照譯者的個人理解意思而譯。而個人理解﹐由於水平不同﹐譯成的文字與原文的意思會差別很大﹐可以從毫厘之別到千里之差。所以意譯這個說法太含糊不清﹐容易誤導初譯者。

如果按照自己對原作的理解﹐把自己的意思加進去﹐這不是翻譯﹐這是改寫。不管改寫得如何傳神﹐只是傳譯者自己之神﹐不是在傳原作之神。所以正確的翻譯是按照原作的表達﹐忠實地表現在另一種文字裡﹐不能走樣。至於原作的意思﹐不管是表面的還是深層的﹐讓讀者自己去理解﹐不用譯者去幫助讀者理解。這似乎像把讀者當弱智﹐非得由譯者在譯文裡把原作的意思按譯者的理解傳達給讀者不可。

所以筆者認為翻譯是把一種文字變成另一種文字﹐而基本意思不應該變。如果意思走了樣﹐就不能叫翻譯﹐只能算是改寫到另一種文字裡去。而現在所謂的意譯就是這種情況。所以直譯意譯這種提法本身就是錯誤的。應該放棄這種不專業的說法。而前人提出的“信達雅”才是指導翻譯的原則。在這一原則裡﹐當然沒有意譯的涵義。所謂意譯應該是指﹕在一種文字裡的某種說法﹐在另一種文字裡找不到相應說法﹐只能根據意思譯過去。這就是意譯的真正含義。除此以外的所謂意譯﹐都是屬於理解誤區。

至於前人提出的“信達雅”翻譯原則﹐按筆者的理解﹐“信”應該指忠實於原著﹔“達”應該指忠實地在另一種文字裡表達原著的意思﹔“雅”應該指所使用的詞語必須優美及規範化。有人問﹕如果一部原著的小說裡﹐有表示下層社會人物的粗俗話﹑罵人話﹐要不要忠實地翻譯過去﹖否則怎能符合“信”的原則﹖當然﹐如果一篇名著﹐裡面偶有幾句粗俗話﹐來反映一些下層人物的言談﹐我的意思是﹕忠實地譯出來。相信讀者自己的免疫力吧。
事實上﹐翻譯是按一層層意思譯過來的。不是按一個個字譯的。譬如一句句子由三層意思構成﹐翻譯時就按三層意思一層層考慮怎麼譯過去。至於順序﹐就要考慮該語言中習慣順序的安排﹐不一定能按原語言中的順序來安排。這樣譯成的句子當然有相應層次構成的三個部份。有時很巧﹐兩種語言相應部份的順序居然一致。例如﹕“早晨﹐我去看了醫生。”這句句子有兩個部份﹕一個是時間﹐一個是事件。可對應地譯成﹕In the morning, I went to see a doctor.當然﹐亦可按英文的另一順序譯成﹕I went to see a doctor in the morning.在前一譯句中﹐中英文看上去非常對應﹐但事實上是意思的對應﹐而非字的對應。即使在“我是個學生”句中﹐I am a student.也並非只是字與字的對應。所以“逐字翻譯”這個說法﹐又是個理解誤區。

自娱自乐

原帖由 海外逸士 于 2009-6-21 2:44:00 发表
一﹑所謂直譯及意譯

Well, take this sentence as an example, '你吃饭了吗？’

这是中国人常用的一句客套话，有如老外挂在嘴边的‘hi, it's a nice day today / it is such a beautiful day, isn't it?', 其真
正的含义就是‘你好’，那么翻译的时候，是字词对应呢还是按意思来翻？

我认为在小说中，可以按字面意思翻，但如果是在诗词里，（当然不会，举个例子而已）因简洁的问题，可以按意思或含义来翻。
就好比你的版本 ‘白日依山尽’----the setting sun clings to hills'knees

周道模

同意逸士先生的看法，学习！

自娱自乐

Paraphrase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Paraphrase (pronounced /?pær?fre?z/) is restatement of a text or passage, using other words. The term "paraphrase" derives via the Latin "paraphrasis" from the Greek para phraseïn, meaning "additional manner of expression". The act of paraphrasing is also called "paraphrasis."
A paraphrase typically explains or clarifies the text that is being paraphrased. For example, "The signal was red" might be paraphrased as "The train was not allowed to proceed." When accompanying the original statement, a paraphrase is usually introduced with a verbum dicendi — a declaratory expression to signal the transition to the paraphrase. For example, in "The signal was red, that is, the train was not allowed to proceed," the "that is" signals the paraphrase that follows.
A paraphrase does not need to accompany a direct quotation, but when this is so, the paraphrase typically serves to put the source's statement into perspective or to clarify the context in which it appeared. A paraphrase is typically more detailed than a summary.
One feature of a paraphrase is that it preserves the essential meaning of the material being paraphrased. Thus, the (intentional or otherwise) reinterpretation of a source to infer a meaning that is not explicitly evident in the source itself qualifies as "original research," and not as paraphrase.
Unlike a metaphrase, which represents a "formal equivalent" of the source, a paraphrase represents a "dynamic equivalent" thereof. While a metaphrase attempts to translate a text literally, a paraphrase conveys the essential thought expressed in a source text — if necessary, at the expense of literality. For details, see "Dynamic and formal equivalence."

自娱自乐

TransliterationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Look up

Transliteration
is the practice of converting a text from one
into another in a systematic way.
from one system of writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration attempts to be exact, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words. To achieve this objective, transliteration may define complex conventions for dealing with letters in a source script which do not correspond with letters in a goal script.
Transliteration is opposed to
of one
to the best matching script of another language. Still, most systems of transliteration map the letters of the source script to letters pronounced similarly in the goal script, for some specific pair of source and goal language. If the relations between letters and sounds are similar in both languages, a transliteration may be (almost) the same as a transcription. In practice, there are also some mixed transliteration/transcription systems that transliterate a part of the original script and transcribe the rest. One instance of transliteration is the use of an English computer keyboard to type in a language that uses a different alphabet, such as Russian. Transliterated texts are often used in emails, blogs, and electronic correspondence where non-Latin keyboards are unavailable, is sometimes referred to by special composite terms that demonstrate the combination of English characters and the original non-Latin word pronunciation:
in a narrow sense.
Also, transliteration should not be confused with
In a broader sense,
the word
transliteration
is used to include both transliteration in the narrow sense and transcription.
is a transcription method.
encompasses several transliteration and transcription methods.

自娱自乐

Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a "translation," that communicates the same message in another language. The text to be translated is called the source text, and the language that it is to be translated into is called the target language; the final product is sometimes called the target text.
Translation must take into account constraints that include context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, and their idioms. A common misconception is that there exists a simple word-for-word correspondence between any two languages, and that translation is a straightforward mechanical process; such a word-for-word translation, however, cannot take into account context, grammar, conventions, and idioms.
Translation, when practiced by relatively bilingual individuals but especially when by persons with limited proficiency in one or both languages, involves a risk of spilling-over of idioms and usages from the source language into the target language. On the other hand, inter-linguistic spillages have also served the useful purpose of importing calques and loanwords from a source language into a target language that had previously lacked a concept or a convenient expression for the concept. Translators and interpreters, professional as well as amateur, have thus played an important role in the evolution of languages and cultures.[1]
The art of translation is as old as written literature. Parts of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, among the oldest known literary works, have been found in translations into several Asiatic languages of the second millennium BCE. The Epic of Gilgamesh may have been read, in their own languages, by early authors of the Bible and of the Iliad.[2]
With the advent of computers, attempts have been made to computerize or otherwise automate the translation of natural-language texts (machine translation) or to use computers as an aid to translation (computer-assisted translation).

青衫来客

Pretty accademic. I am fond of this kind of discussion.

童天鉴日

来学习。问好海外老师。

宛城卧龙

这是中诗翻译版 第一篇学术性的论文
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童天鉴日

好文章哈。该弄成绿色的，以便于分辨。