(五) 小說 --------------------------------
小說是文學性最強的﹐可以牽涉各種文體。所以小說的翻譯要具有廣泛的知識﹐及能翻譯上述各種文體的能力。而且還要考慮到小說中人物的身份和說話的語氣等。小說中人物說話文皺皺﹐譯成的中文也要文皺皺。小說裡人物說話粗俗﹐譯成的中文也要粗俗些。否則豈能傳神。這在英譯中裡﹐應該沒有問題。這是譯者的母語。那些粗俗話﹑罵人話﹐即使譯者本人從不說﹐平時聽也聽多了﹐不會寫不出。問題是當要中譯英時﹐英文裡的粗俗話﹑罵人話實在不容易知道。又怎能翻譯﹖這的確是個難題。即使對海外華人來說﹐如果沒接觸過下層社會人物﹐就是生活在國外幾十年﹐真的還不知道這種話。唯一能得到這種資料的途徑只能通過觀看外國電影和閱讀外國人寫的小說中獲得。如果有人要體驗生活﹐到外國下層社會中去混一陣子﹐弄不好會有危險。
有本較古典的小說﹐乃英文名著﹐叫“傲慢與偏見”Pride and Prejudice﹐恐怕大家都知道﹐甚或很熟悉。其開宗明義的第一句話就是一個警句﹕It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.該書有幾個譯本。我認為翻譯得較好的是王科一的譯本。其一﹕書中主要人物為莊園主Bennet一家。他太太稱他為Mr. Bennet。如果直接譯成班奈特先生﹐在中文裡有點怪﹐因為中國人不會直接稱呼自己的丈夫為某某先生的。既然他是莊園主身份﹐譯者就把它譯為班奈特老爺。中國以前地主老婆是有把地主丈夫稱作老爺的。這就是合適性的靈活運用。一般來說﹐在不違反忠實的原則下﹐翻譯有時也得雙向考慮﹐以適應終端語言裡的可讀性。其二﹕班奈特老爺有個遠親是個書呆子牧師。等老爺死後﹐按當時法律﹐他將繼承班家產業。他聽說班家有五位漂亮的女兒﹐就想要娶其中一個。他就寫了封信給班老爺﹐說要來拜訪。這封信也是小說中的一個亮點。其內容也只有一個書呆子會寫。所以這封書信在描述人物性格方面起了極大的作用。古狗到的中文不知是否王譯本中來的。但中譯文也生動地反映了原文裡反映出的人物之神韻。
Dear Sir,
The disagreement subsisting between yourself and my late honoured father always gave me much uneasiness, and since I have had the misfortune to lose him I have frequently wished to heal the breach; but for some time I was kept back by my own doubts, fearing lest it might seem disrespectful to his memory for me to be on good terms with any one with whom it had always pleased him to be at variance. My mind however is now made up on the subject, for having received ordination at Easter, I have been so fortunate as to be distinguished by the patronage of the Right Honourable Lady Catherine de Bourgh, widow of Sir Lewis de Bourgh, whose bounty and beneficence has preferred me to the valuable rectory of this parish, where it shall be my earnest endeavour to demean myself with grateful respect towards her ladyship, and be ever ready to perform those rites and ceremonies which are instituted by the Church of England. As a clergyman, moreover, I feel it my duty to promote and establish the blessing of peace in all families within the reach of my influence; and on these grounds I flatter myself that my present overtures of good-will are highly commendable, and that the circumstance of my being next in the entail of Longbourn estate will be kindly overlooked on your side, and not lead you to reject the offered olive branch. I cannot be otherwise than concerned at being the means of injuring your amiable daughters, and beg leave to apologise for it, as well as to assure you of my readiness to make them every possible amends, -- but of this hereafter. If you should have no objection to receive me into your house, I propose myself the satisfaction of waiting on you and your family, Monday, November 18th, by four o'clock, and shall probably trespass on your hospitality till the Saturday se'nnight following*, which I can do without any inconvenience, as Lady Catherine is far from objecting to my occasional absence on a Sunday, provided that some other clergyman is engaged to do the duty of the day. I remain, dear sir, with respectful compliments to your lady and daughters, your well-wisher and friend,
William Collins
*When Mr. Collins declares that he will "trespass on your hospitality" from "Monday, November 18th" to "the Saturday se'nnight following", this means he will stay twelve days, until November 30th, the first Saturday which is more than a week after his arrival ("Saturday week" in modern British English). His visit is timed so that he will only have to find a clerical substitute for one Sunday.
親愛的長者:
以前你為(與)先父之間曾有些芥蒂,這一直使我感到不安。自先父不幸棄世以來,我常常想到要彌補這個裂痕;但我(有)一時(因)猶豫,(而)沒有這樣做,怕的是先父生前既然對閣下唯恐仇視不及,而我今天卻來与閣下修好,這未免有辱先人。不過目前我對此事已經拿定主張,因為我已在复活節那天受了圣職。多蒙已故的劉威斯‧德‧包爾公爵的孀妻咖苔琳‧德‧包爾夫人寵禮有加,恩惠并施,提拔我擔任該教區的教士,此后可以勉盡厥誠,恭待夫人左右,奉行英國教會所規定的一切儀節,這真是拜(我)三生不(有)幸。況且以一個教士的身份來說,我覺得我有責任盡我之所及,使家家戶戶得以敦穆親誼,促進友好。因此我自信這番好意一定會受到你的重視,而有關我繼承浪博恩產權一事,你也可不必介意。并請接受我獻上的這一枝橄欖枝。我這樣侵犯了諸位令媛的利益,真是深感不安,万分抱歉,但請你放心,我極愿給她們一切可能的補償,此事容待以后詳談。如果你不反對我踵門拜候,我建議于十一月十八是(日),星期一,四點鐘前來拜謁,甚或在府上叨擾至下星期六為止。這對于我毫無不便之處,因為咖苔琳夫人決不會反對我星期日偶而离開教堂一下,只消有另一個教士主持這一天的事怀(情)就行了。敬向尊夫人及諸位令媛致候。你的祝福者和朋友
威廉‧柯林斯
[括弧中字乃筆者改正或補充之字。]
中文小說譯成英文當然更難﹐因為要在英文裡表達出人物的生動描述及各種對話的語氣﹐對中國譯者來說﹐很不容易。現在試看紅樓夢譯本之一小段﹐以見一斑。
原來女媧氏煉石補天之時﹐于大荒山無稽崖練成高經十二丈﹐方經二十四丈頑石三万六千五百零一塊。媧皇氏只用了三万六千五百塊﹐只單單剩了一塊未用﹐便棄在此山青埂峰下。誰知此石自經鍛煉之后﹐靈性已通﹐因見眾石俱得補天﹐獨自己無材不堪入選﹐遂自怨自嘆﹐日夜悲號慚愧.。
現在古狗到下述譯文﹕
Four thousand six hundred and twenty-three years ago the heavens were out of repair. So the Goddess of Works set to work and prepared 36,501 blocks of precious jade, each 240 feet square by 120 feet in depth. Of these, however, she only used 36,500, and cast aside the single remaining block upon one of the celestial peaks. This stone, under the process of preparation, had become, as it were, spiritualised. It could expand or contract. It could move. It was conscious of the existence of an eternal world, and it was hurt at not having been called upon to accomplish its divine mission.
此譯文實際上是對故事情節的敘述﹐還要加些補充﹐不能看作翻譯。再看另一譯本﹕
The Empress Nu Wo, (the goddess of works,) in fashioning blocks of stones, for the repair of the heavens, prepared, at the Ta Huang Hills and Wu Chi cave, 36,501 blocks of rough stone, each twelve chang in height, and twenty-four chang square. Of these stones, the Empress Wo only used 36,500; so that one single block remained over and above, without being turned to any account. This was cast down the Ching Keng peak. This stone, strange to say, after having undergone a process of refinement, attained a nature of efficiency, and could, by its innate powers, set itself into motion and was able to expand and to contract. When it became aware that the whole number of blocks had been made use of to repair the heavens, that it alone had been destitute of the necessary properties and had been unfit to attain selection, it forthwith felt within itself vexation and shame, and day and night, it gave way to anguish and sorrow.
評﹕筆者不知為什麼兩個譯者都要把女媧譯成Goddess of Works。中國神話中﹐宇宙原來是混沌一片。後來盤古開天劈地﹐氣之清者上升為天﹐氣之濁者下沉為地。於是女媧用泥土造了人。後來傳說共工与祝融因吃天鵝蛋之爭,共工撞不周山,天塌洪水泛濫,女媧乃有補天之舉。關於量度單位﹐一直沒有統一的譯法。有的換算成英制或公制單位﹐有的就把單位名稱音譯過去。筆者以為音譯法使外國讀者毫無概念﹐不足取。筆者不才﹐也將此段文字試譯於下﹕
Long ago when Goddess Nuwa shaped stones to fix the heavens, she made 36,501 cubes of common stone, each 40 meters high and 80 meters square, at the Wuji Cliff of Mount Dahuang. Goddess Wa used only 36,500 cubes, one left unused and deserted at the foot of Qinggen Peak of that mountain. No one knows that this cube of stone, after refinement, developed human intelligence. When it came to know that other stones had all been employed for the repair of the heavens and only itself had been left in the cold as a useless one, it, therefore, sighed with a self-pity and wailed in shame day and night.
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